Should Everything on the Internet be Free Essay - 1051 Words

Should Everything on the Computer be Free? Many people say, The best things in life are free. However, when we say this, we don’t particularly mean materialistic items. Nearly two years ago this saying was heard by those who may have won the lottery or whom may have been in love and feels that it is the best thing. Nevertheless, a few years ago nearly nothing was free and if it was there was always a catch to go along with it. Now that the Internet has become so popular it is difficult not to find something for free. There are numerous sites on the World Wide Web that offer free items. For example, www.zipso.com, is a site that you are able to subscribe for free offers. The site www.napster.com, is a music site which people are able†¦show more content†¦It has taken the world by storm and it will keep happening as long as we are around. There are types of music that can be downloaded on the computer. Napster, which can be downloaded at Napster.com, is a program that music can be found. The music is kept in a library and just a double click on the mouse lets one hear any song downloaded. These songs can be found with either the title or the artist of the song. I feel that Napster has a good thing going with the free music. However, I feel that it shouldn’t be completely be free. The artists of the music are loosing out on a lot of money. A solution to this problem could be that songs could not be downloaded to the Napster program until the record had made a certain amount of money. Although, right now Napster is in court trying to compromise on a decision that will make everyone who uses Napster, everyone who created Napster and the artist of music happy. Many people use electronic mail or e-mail. This is basically just like the postal service. There are many domains that offer free email. A few, for example include Yahoo, Excite, and Ameritech. All of these services allow one to send mail to many different people at a time, have an address book, use different fonts for the letters, and they also have an accompanying chat service. This allows a person to talk to another person that is on that Internet simultaneously. I feel that having free e-mail is also aShow MoreRelatedThe Internet And Its Effects On Our Lives1631 Words   |  7 Pagessometimes even recorded. Today many companies sell, buy, and use personal information about their users. Those companies track people’s internet interactions and know almost everything about their online behavior: from their personal preferences in food, music, and cars to the health condition, phone numbers, and credit card numbers. Everything users do on the Internet - from the comments to t weets to a simple browsing - will never be erased from history. This is partly due to national security, forRead MorePrivilege Or A Necessity : The Internet896 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessity: The Internet. 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Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard forRead More Should the Internet be censored? Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesShould the Internet be censored? Should the Internet be censored? This is a sticky question; no matter what answer you give to this question there will always be a valid argument in response to your answer. There are lots of arguments in the answer I found doing the research I did. The United States is not the only country with this problem. Because, remember now the Internet is worldwide and it involves every single country in the world. If a person thinks the Internet should be censored thenRead MoreInternet And The World Wide Web990 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Privacy The term Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) are words that not only are familiar to people all over the globe but their technology is ubiquitous. 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Describing Language And Language Skills Education Essay Free Essays

Teaching is a multidimensional activity that involves societal, educational, pedagogical, linguistics, personal, and cognitive dimensions. In the last 20 fiveyears, in general instruction the cognitive dimension of instruction has been recognizedas cardinal to successful instruction. The last decennary has witnessed steady growing in thestudy of instructors ‘ knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Describing Language And Language Skills Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research workers have paid more attending to the survey of instructors ‘ belief about instruction, acquisition, scholars, and the impact it has on learning patterns, activities, and larning results ( Tillman, 2000 ; Shavelson, and Stern,1981 ; Burns, 1992 ; Eisenhart et. al. , 1998 ; Fang, 1996 ; Richardson, 1996 ; Kagan,1992 ; Reynold, 1992 ) . Research into instructors ‘ knowledge has non been restricted toone or few specific subjects or content countries. The impact of instructors beliefs on their instruction is being studied across subjects and educational scene every bit diverse as general instruction, mathematics ( Ernest 1989 ; Shuck 1997 ; Karaagac and Threlfall ; Raymond, 1997 ) , second/ foreign linguistic communication acquisition, ( Farrell, and Patricia,2005 ) , reading ( Beach, 1994 ) , and chemical science ( Brisco, 1991 ) . It has been studied in pre-service and in-service contexts, different educational degrees: kindergarten, simple schools, high schools and grownup instruction. During 1980s and the old ages after, research workers investigated a figure of different facets and dimensions of instructors ‘ knowledge. The chief focal point was on analyzing the manner instructors think about their ain work, their mental procedures in planning and transporting out their instructions, the sort of determinations made in the class of instruction, and how these beliefs may alter over clip. Some of the research countries in teachers’cognition include analyzing instructors ‘ knowledge in general and how they construct their constructs and theories of instruction ( Clandinin A ; Connelly, 1988 ; Leinhardt,1990 ) , instructors ‘ apprehension of the instruction procedure ( Peterson A ; Comeaux,1987 ) , instructors ‘ belief about instruction, pupils, instructors, and the acquisition procedure every bit good as their ain efficaciousness in bring oning alteration in their pupils ( Hollingsworth, 1989 ; Kagan A ; Tippins, 1991 ; Tamir, 1991 ) . Another country of research in instructors ‘ belief is analyzing the instructional ideas, actions, and determination devising in the schoolroom ( Fogarty, Wang, A ; Creek, 1983 ; Magliaro A ; Borko, 1986 ) . Changes in teachers’beliefs that occur as a consequence of professional growing and instruction experiences have besides been examined ( Bullough, 1991 ; Calderhead, 1991 ) . Teachers ‘ beliefs are non easy to specify. Nor are they easy to operationalize and analyze. Kagan ( 1992 ) views them as tacitly held premises and perceptual experiences about instruction and acquisition. Pajares ( 1992 ) and Richardson ( 1996 ) view them as personal concepts of instructors that can assist understand their determinations and instruction patterns. The belief system consists of the information, attitudes, values, theories, and premises about instruction, acquisition, scholars, and other facets of instruction. Some of these beliefs are rather general while some are really specific. Harmonizing to Johnson ( 1994 ) instructors ‘ beliefs influence their judgement and perceptual experience, the schoolroom activities they use, and it can lend to the betterment of learning patterns and teacher instruction plans. The belief system is argued to function as a base for the activities and patterns instructors use in the schoolroom. It guides instructors in the class of the patterns they have in the schoolroom. Hampton ( 1994 ) contends that instructors ‘ beliefs can find the manner they approach their instruction. In brief, research findings show that instructors have complex thought and reading of instruction and the context upon which they reflect, decide, and act was a broad and rich mental context ( Elbaz, 1983 ; Clandinin, 1986 ) . There are different ways instructors may develop their beliefs. It can be socially constructed as a consequence of their ain personal experiences and influences of the scenes in which they work. Teachers ‘ beliefs are built up over clip. They are derived from instructors ‘ preparation plans, pre-service plans, and prior acquisition and instruction experiences. Brog ( 2003 ) and Richards, Gallo and Renandya ( 2001 ) argue that instructors ‘ beliefs are derived from their anterior experiences, school patterns, educational theory, reading, their single personalities, and a figure of other beginnings. Eisentein-Ebsworth and Schweers ( 1997 ) see instructors ‘ positions shaped by pupils ‘ wants, syllabus outlooks, and anterior experiences. This cognition may alter over clip as instructors interact with pupils and acquire feedback from them. Following the involvement in general instruction and teacher instruction in teachers’cognition, research workers in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition took the thought and started to analyze linguistic communication instructors ‘ pedagogical beliefs in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( Breen,1991 ; Cumming, 1993 ; Freeman A ; Richards ; 1996 ; Johnson, 1994 ; Richards, 1998 ; Richards A ; Nunan, 1990 ; Woods, 1996 ) .Teachers ‘ belief is now viewed as a complex cognitive activity ( Farrell and Patricia, 2005 ; Brog, 2003a, 2003b. ; Mitchel and Hooper, 1992 ; Johnston, and Goettsch, 2000 ) . Research into instructors ‘ knowledge has both provided good penetrations into instructors ‘ knowledge at the same clip raised more inquiries about several issues of instructors ‘ beliefs. A more specific facet of instructors ‘ knowledge in linguistic communication instruction is instructors ‘ beliefs about grammar and different facets of grammar instruction. Some of the inquiries that have non been yet answered include how much clip should be devoted to grammar? What grammatical points should be taught? How should grammatical points be sequenced? What activities are more appropriate for different contexts? Grammar has a contested nature and its instruction and acquisition has seendifferent yearss. Grammar instruction has ever created uncertainnesss and raised complex and challenging pedagogical, lingual and curricular issues. With the outgrowth of a new method or theory grammar becomes the centre of attending and with the death of the theory or pattern it would be wholly abandoned. For times grammar was cardinal to category activities and at times it was overlooked. With such fluctuation it is non hard to conceive of linguistic communication instructors develop different positions on grammar in the procedures of going a instructor. In the late 1980s forsaking of focal point on signifier was advocated by communicative motion. In the last decennary the issue of focal point on signifier has been a hot subject and raised many inquiries and challenges to applied linguists and linguistic communication instructors. There have been a figure of surveies on instructors ‘ beliefs about grammar and grammar instruction. Ng A ; Farrell ( 2003 ) and Yim ( 1993 ) investigated the extent to which instructors ‘ theoretical beliefs influenced their schoolroom grammatical patterns, and found grounds to propose that what instructors say and do in the schoolroom are governed by their beliefs. Farrell ( 1999 ) examined the belief system of pre-service instructors of English grammar in footings of its influence on instruction pattern, and found grounds to propose that these beliefs may be immune to alter. Similarly, Richards, Gallo, and Renandya ( 2001 ) examined the beliefs of a group of in-service class instructors about grammar. The consequences showed that many instructors followed a communicative attack to instruction, while some of the respondents stated that they had house belief in the importance of direct grammar instruction in linguistic communication learning.They besides stated that the ir EFL/ESL pupils asked for grammar instruction. Research into the impact of formal grammar instruction has covered several facets of grammar instruction. These include inductive versus deductive approached to the instruction of grammar ( Shaffer, 1989 ; Dekeyser, 1995 ) , feedback and rectification of mistakes ( Chaudron, 1977 ; Dekeyser, 1993 ) , usage of grammar nomenclature in grammar instruction ( Berman, 1979 ; Garrett, 1986 ) , and impact of grammar pattern on L2 acquisition ( Ellis, 1991 ; Johnson, 1994 ) . In malice of big volume of research in this country consequences are inconclusive and as Borg ( 1999 ) discusses our apprehension of the procedures of grammar instruction as perceived by linguistic communication instructors has still a long manner to travel. How to cite Describing Language And Language Skills Education Essay, Essay examples

Relationship Between Religion and Health Practices

Question: Describe the relationship between religion and health practices of the major religions practiced in the U.S. Answer: Religious and cultural beliefs form an important part of delivery of healthcare in a globalised world where people from diverse ethnicities and religious backgrounds need to access healthcare facilities. Sensitization of the healthcare staff to religious beliefs, practices, rituals and preferences while delivering treatment to people from different religions makes migrant populations comfortable while taking treatment so that there is little chance for conflict. Tenets of four religions have been discussed in this paper, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. The basic tenets of Buddhism were given by the Gautam Buddha in the 4th century B.C. According to his teachings all living beings suffer, desire for power and possessions can increase sufferings, desire can be overcome, and he preached his followers the eightfold path that leads away from desire (Jangubhai, 2013). The religion teaches that actions of the past life impact our life. Good actions are rewarded with good consequences Wheras negative consequences are a result of bad actions (/nichiren_1.shtml, 2005). The main belief of the Hindus is reincarnation of the soul happens through many cycles of birth and death and moksha or liberation from the cycle of rebirth can be attained once karma has been resolved. The hindus also believe that all life is sacred and the principle of ahimsa or non-violence towards all beings should be practiced. The four vedas are ancient scriptures. These are believed to be transcripts of life and are followed by the hindus who believe in one God but worship several Gods and Goddesses. Hinduism is believed to be a scientific religion (Hawley). The Vedas are believed to be without a beginning or an end and are the work of several holy men called rishis(monks) (/v1_c1_paper_on_hinduism.htm, 1893). Hinduism is also at times referred to as the Sanatan Dharma. Islam is followed by Muslims and they believe that there is only one God or 'Allah' and Prophet Mohammad was the last messenger of God. This religion appeared in the present day Saudi Arabia and Quran is the holy scripture through which the Almighty revealed his teachings to the Prophet. According to the Quran, Muslims should follow five religious duties that include prayer, observation of fasting periods, faith, pilgrimage and charity. Muslims believe that death occurs at a time predetermined by God (Taheri, 2008). The faith of Judaism also believes in one and unique God and that God is eternal ans incorporeal. The prophecies of Moses are believed to be true and Moses is considered to be the greatest Prophet. It is believed that God rewards the good and punishes the wicked among the followers. The writings in Torah were given to Moses and that there will be no other Torah. The Jews believe in resurrection of the dead and that the Messiah or the man who will put an end to all evil will arrive (Rich). Judaism lays more emphasis on action than on beliefs. The relationship between God and mankind and mankind and God is the major focus of this religion. According to the faith of Judaism God knows all the thoughts and deeds of men. Several laws are given by the rabbi- the religious heads of the Jewish faith. The Jews also refer to God as elohay yisrael or the "God of Israel". This tenet provides the believers with spiritual comfort but is also associated with theological tension (913.pdf). It is important for a health care professional to understand the beliefs and cultural preferences of patients and their families regarding food, smoking, alcohol, modesty and traditional rituals related to birth and death. The health care professional needs to be sensitive to the patient's need to practice the chosen religious beliefs and faith. Some Buddhists may practice vegetarianism. Some patients may practice chanting or meditation and may need privacy to perform these rituals. Modesty rules may require health professionals and carers of the same gender to treat the patient. Many Buddhists do not smoke and may avoid alcohol and even coffee. Since Buddhists believe in reincarnation, they may chant and pray at the time of death and may wish to maintain calm and peaceful surroundings around the patient. Medication that influences alertness may not be preferred so that the patient is able to practice mindfulness. There are however no restrictions on blood transfusions or even organ donation. Birth control and sterility testing are allowed as per Buddhist religious practice. Abortion may be permitted (Ludwig). Important practices include a daily bath and removal of shoes outside the living area. Hindus are usually vegetarian. Those who consume meat avoid beef and pork. Fasting is widely practiced. Hindus prefer to eat with the right hand. The family will usually want to know the exact time of birth. Name of the new born is decided a few days after birth. Birth control, fertility treatments and tests such as amniocentesis are permitted. The naming ceremony is usually held in the presence of a priest. Chanting mantras, meditation, and reading of scriptures is widely practiced. Special respect towards the elderly is shown. Circumcision is not practiced. Family prefers to be involved in decisions about care taking of the patient. Prayers are usually performed in temples. Euthanasia may be considered against religious beliefs. In case of death, a dying person may be kept as close to mother earth as possible. A priest may pour some water in the mouth of the dying individual. A dead body is usual ly not left alone. Family members may perform a ritual that involves bathing the body. Hinduism is not against organ donation. Cremation of the dead is performed on the day of the death of a person. A practicing Muslim may perform prayer five times a day. Hands, feet and face are washed before each prayer. Muslims observe fast during the holy month of Ramadan from dawn to dusk and maintain celibacy and abstain from evil actions. Consumption of alcohol may be a taboo for some Muslims. An attempt to visit Mecca for pilgrimage called Hajj at least once during the lifetime is made. Handshakes and contact between opposite gender are not considered modest. Female patients usually consult lady doctors. Some Muslim women may wear a burqa in order to cover themselves completely. Pork and some molluscs are not consumed. Food should be Halal. May eat with right hand only. Muslim patients may sometimes opt out of pain management medication. Burial of amputated limbs may be practiced. At birth the father of the new born may wish to whisper a religious proclamation in the child's ear. Abortions are allowed only in case of rape, incest or threat to the mother's life. Circumcision is practiced and may be carried out with the help of a doctor. A request may be made to position the head in the direction of Mecca in case a dying patient. Organ donation may be allowed. Burial is usually performed on the day of the death (Humedian, 2003) (diversity_points.html). The Jews might pray for three times a day. Kosher-certified food may be required. Meat and milk cannot be mixed. Consumption of pork and molluscs is forbidden. Patients and their families may have to be asked if they need privacy for certain practices. Amputated limbs may be taken for burial. Blood transfusions and use of blood products is permitted. The religious priests or Rabbi may have to be consulted for tube-feeding or ventilator support. Orthodox Jews may seek advice of a Rabbi for birth control practice. Rituals are carried out at the Synagogue or in temples. Jews may believe in life after death. Patients who are suffering are asked to communicate with community. Praying for the sick is considered to be a religious act. Autopsy and donation of organs is permitted. The dead are buried, cremation is discouraged. Funeral home service is practiced. Circumcision is practiced on the 8th day after birth of the male child. Touch between the two genders is to be avoided. (Cultural%20S ensitivity%20handbook%20from%20HealthCare%20Chaplaincy%20%20(3-12%202013).pdf) Prior knowledge about religious beliefs and practices among patients from different faiths can help health professionals, patients and their families immensely. Familiarity with their customs and beliefs helps to customise treatment and care. Information and sensitivity for food preferences of Hindu and Buddhist patients who follow vegetarianism make it easier for health care professionals to prescribe diets. Provision of privacy for Muslim and Jew patients when offering prayers will make them comfortable. It may be necessary to reschedule medication when patients must fast according to Hindu or Muslim beliefs in order to avoid hypoglycaemia. People who follow Islam or Judaism may require surgical help with circumcision (Dale Dannefer, 2010). Chanting and reading of holy scriptures may require privacy and respect in case of Hindu or Buddhist patients. Patients and their kin may feel more comfortable if small religious customs can be followed by them during times of critical illness, a birth in the family or the passing away of a person. Spiritual beliefs play an important role in the process of healing. It is also important for the care staff to know about the important festivals and holidays important for people from different religious backgrounds. This makes the tasks of scheduling diagnostic procedures and surgeries more acceptable to patients. References: /nichiren_1.shtml. (2005, July 13). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk: https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/subdivisions /v1_c1_paper_on_hinduism.htm. (1893, September). Retrieved from https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info: https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_1/addresses_at_the_parliament/v1_c1_paper_on_hinduism.htm 913.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ajcarchives.org: https://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/913.pdf Cultural%20Sensitivity%20handbook%20from%20HealthCare%20Chaplaincy%20%20(3-12%202013).pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthcarechaplaincy.org: https://www.healthcarechaplaincy.org/userimages/Cultural%20Sensitivity%20handbook%20from%20HealthCare%20Chaplaincy%20%20(3-12%202013).pdf Dale Dannefer, C. P. (2010). The SAGE Handbook of Gerontology. SAGE. diversity_points.html. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.uphs.upenn.edu: https://www.uphs.upenn.edu/pastoral/resed/diversity_points.html Hawley, M. (n.d.). radhakri/. Retrieved from https://www.iep.utm.edu: https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/ Humedian, S. R. (2003). Islam 101: Understanding the Religion and Therapy Implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol. 35, No. 6, 635 642. Retrieved from https://isites.harvard.edu: https://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic551849.files/Ali%20Liu%20and%20Humedian.pdf Jangubhai, G. B. (2013). The Comparative study between Hinduism and Buddhism. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(5):27-31. Ludwig, D. J. (n.d.). nid940-21946-caring-across-cultures-web.pdf. Retrieved from https://www.roswellpark.org: https://www.roswellpark.org/sites/default/files/node-files/page/nid940-21946-caring-across-cultures-web.pdf Rich, T. R. (n.d.). beliefs.htm. Retrieved from https://www.jewfaq.org: https://www.jewfaq.org/beliefs.htm Taheri, N. (2008, May 1). /health-care-in-islamic-history-and-experience. Retrieved from https://ethnomed.org: https://ethnomed.org/cross-cultural-health/religion/health-care-in-islamic-history-and-experience

Working for Ones Passions free essay sample

I believe that neither passion without exertion nor drive without interest is enough to achieve true happiness. I believe that no matter your talent, upbringing or luck in life, if one works hard for something you believe in, one will always achieve Jefferson’s so-called â€Å"pursuit of happiness.† I see people out there with firm devotion yet no work ethic to reach their goals. They sit down every day with their dreams, and believe in their own hypocrisy that mere enthusiasm without drive will get them to their dreams. I have little respect for those who say but do not do. But it is the latter group of people, those with work ethic but not belief, which are more common and more severe an issue in our lives. With relative ease, I can think of many people with pertinence to said group, including my own family. My parents were born in China with little money. We will write a custom essay sample on Working for Ones Passions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Back then, and in China today, competition between your peers was fierce; my mom and dad spent every waking moment studying past the curriculum to achieve enough academic ranking to come to America and work as computer programmers making six-digit salaries. But I’ve long since figured out that they did this out of necessity and pressure, and not out of passion. I admire their hard work, but when I look deep down into their hearts, the work they do is more a paycheck to them than a pursuit of inner gain. Neither of these paths seems like the correct lifestyle to achieve life’s true goal of happiness. But then I see people of all different classes, who have both passion and drive. I see people from all different income levels, from kindergarten teachers to doctors to musicians, working hard for what they truly want to do. Salaries are not what drive them; the job itself does. My history teacher was a remarkable example of just that. Born and raised as a child prodigy, she went to a special private school and later double majored at Harvard. And while she taught university for a while, she now teaches high school history. Many people have trouble seeing a Harvard PhD working as a high school teacher, but I admire it. She does it out of her passion for teaching, and does it well past the job requirements, working hard to do what she believes in, not to earn a huge salary. Once, my history teacher told her class, as she was recommending students for the honors class next year: â€Å"If you are considering this because you want a higher GPA and nothing more, please leave as there is no chance you will succeed in said class.† From her I realized that despite the undividedly hard-working environment in which our education system pertains, the true reason to be in school isn’t for the opportunity to go to higher education or getting a good job, but to learn the skills you need to truly find and work for your passion. And today, I work as hard as my parents did, but not for the pure goal of financial success but the dream of truly learning, so that one day, I might come up with enough wisdom from those before me to find a true passion of my own.

Free Essays on Amina Vs. The Myth Of A Latin Woman

The point of views in the essays "The Myth of the Latin Woman" by Judith Ortiz Cofer, and Shirley Saad’s â€Å"Amina†. Cofer’s essay is about a Latina women overcoming the cross-cultural stereotypes given to her by society. Whereas Saad’s essay was about a women who lived a life ruled by her culture’s expectations. Cofer was brought up in a family where her life was designed by her parents. Through her childhood, she was kept under strict watch, since her behavior would affect their honor. She was trained to behave like a proper Latin Senorita, and to be dressed traditionally. Cofer states, â€Å"My mother has told me about dressing in her best party clothes on Saturday nights and going to the towns plaza to promenade with her girlfriends in front of the boys they liked† (161). Often when going to an American party, she found herself to be overdressed, when she could have been dressed in something casual like everyone else. Although she was different that Americans, the cultural difference made her a stronger woman. She didn’t want to be stereotyped just because she was Hispanic and from another country. Cofer was lucky to have a culture that allowed her to be personally independent, and to get a formal education. On the Other hand, there are some woman who have no personal independence because their culture will not allow them to. In Saad’s essay, Amina had little or no opportunity to make something of herself. Being a woman, Amina’s only duty was give birth to at least one male, and to be a housewife. Amina had previously given birth to three girls, and was about to give birth to the fourth. Her most significant fear was it being another girl, for there was a large chance her husband would take another wife. In the Middle East, every couple needs to have at least one boy who can carry the father’s name and inherit the father’s fortune. Amina and her husband Hamid both suffered a great deal of pressures from b... Free Essays on Amina Vs. The Myth Of A Latin Woman Free Essays on Amina Vs. The Myth Of A Latin Woman The point of views in the essays "The Myth of the Latin Woman" by Judith Ortiz Cofer, and Shirley Saad’s â€Å"Amina†. Cofer’s essay is about a Latina women overcoming the cross-cultural stereotypes given to her by society. Whereas Saad’s essay was about a women who lived a life ruled by her culture’s expectations. Cofer was brought up in a family where her life was designed by her parents. Through her childhood, she was kept under strict watch, since her behavior would affect their honor. She was trained to behave like a proper Latin Senorita, and to be dressed traditionally. Cofer states, â€Å"My mother has told me about dressing in her best party clothes on Saturday nights and going to the towns plaza to promenade with her girlfriends in front of the boys they liked† (161). Often when going to an American party, she found herself to be overdressed, when she could have been dressed in something casual like everyone else. Although she was different that Americans, the cultural difference made her a stronger woman. She didn’t want to be stereotyped just because she was Hispanic and from another country. Cofer was lucky to have a culture that allowed her to be personally independent, and to get a formal education. On the Other hand, there are some woman who have no personal independence because their culture will not allow them to. In Saad’s essay, Amina had little or no opportunity to make something of herself. Being a woman, Amina’s only duty was give birth to at least one male, and to be a housewife. Amina had previously given birth to three girls, and was about to give birth to the fourth. Her most significant fear was it being another girl, for there was a large chance her husband would take another wife. In the Middle East, every couple needs to have at least one boy who can carry the father’s name and inherit the father’s fortune. Amina and her husband Hamid both suffered a great deal of pressures from b...

German Holidays and Customs in May

German Holidays and Customs in May The first day in the lovely month of May (Camelot) is a national holiday in Germany, Austria, and most of Europe. International Workers Day is observed in many countries around the globe on May 1. But there are other German May customs that reflect the end of winter and the arrival of warmer days. Tag der Arbeit - 1. Mai Oddly, the widespread custom of celebrating Labor Day on the first of May (am ersten Mai) was inspired by events in the United States, one of the few countries that do not observe Labor Day in May! In 1889, a congress of world socialist parties was held in Paris. The attendees, sympathizing with striking workers in Chicago in 1886, voted to support the United States labor movements demands for an 8-hour day. They selected May 1, 1890, as a day of commemoration for the Chicago strikers. In many countries around the world May 1 became an official holiday called Labor Day- but not in the U.S., where that holiday is observed on the first Monday in September. Historically the holiday has had special importance in socialist and communist countries, which is one reason it is not observed in May in America. The U.S. federal holiday was first observed in 1894. Canadians also have observed their Labor Day since September 1894. In Germany, May Day (erster Mai, May 1st) is a national holiday and an important day, partly because of Blutmai (bloody May) in 1929. That year in Berlin the ruling Social Democratic (SPD) party had banned the traditional workers demonstrations. But the KPD (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands) called for demonstrations anyway. The resulting bloodbath left 32 people dead and at least 80 seriously injured. It also left a big split between the two workers parties (KPD and SPD), which the Nazis soon used to their advantage. The National Socialists named the holiday Tag der Arbeit (Day of Labor), the name still used in Germany today. Unlike the U.S. observance, which cuts across all classes, Germanys Tag der Arbeit and most European Labor Day observances are primarily a working-class holiday. In recent years Germanys chronic high unemployment (Arbeitslosigkeit, over 5 million in 2004) also comes into focus each May. The holiday also tends to be a day of Demos that often turn into clashes between the demonstrators (more like hooligans) and the police in Berlin and other large cities. If the weather allows, nice, law-abiding people use the day for picnicking or relaxing with the family. Der Maibaum In Austria and many parts of Germany, especially in Bavaria, the tradition of raising a Maypole (Maibaum) on May 1 still serves to welcome spring- as it has since ancient times. Similar Maypole festivities also can be found in England, Finland, Sweden, and the Czech Republic. A Maypole is a tall wooden pole made from a tree trunk (pine or birch), with colorful ribbons, flowers, carved figures, and various other decorations adorning it, depending on the location. In Germany, the name Maibaum (May tree) reflects the custom of placing a small pine tree atop the Maypole, which is usually set up in a towns public square or village green. Traditional dances, music, and folk customs are often associated with the Maypole. In small towns virtually the entire population turns out for the ceremonial raising of the Maypole and the festivities that follow, with Bier und Wurst of course. In Munich, a permanent Maibaum stands at the Viktualienmarkt. Muttertag Mothers Day is not celebrated at the same time around the world, but Germans and Austrians observe Muttertag on the second Sunday in May, just as in the U.S. Learn more on our Mothers Day page. Walpurgis Walpurgis Night  (Walpurgisnacht), the night before May Day, is similar to  Halloween  in that it has to do with supernatural spirits. And like Halloween, Walpurgisnacht is of pagan origin. The bonfires seen in todays celebration reflect those pagan origins and the human desire to drive away the winter cold and welcome spring. Celebrated mainly in Sweden, Finnland, Estonia, Latvia, and Germany,  Walpurgisnacht  gets its name from Saint Walburga (or Walpurga), a woman born in what is now England in 710.  Die  Heilige  Walpurga  traveled to Germany and became a nun at the convent of Heidenheim in Wà ¼rttemberg. Following her death in 778 (or 779), she was made a saint, with May 1 as her saint day. In Germany, the  Brocken, the highest peak in the Harz Mountains, is considered the focal point of  Walpurgisnacht. Also known as the  Blocksberg, the 1142-meter peak is often shrouded in mist and clouds, lending it a mysterious atmosphere that has contributed to its legendary status as the home of witches (Hexen) and devils (Teufel). That tradition predates the mention of the witches gathering on the Brocken in Goethes: To the Brocken the witches ride... (Die Hexen  zu  dem Brocken  ziehn...) In its Christian version, the former pagan festival in May became Walpurgis, a time to drive out evil spirits- usually with loud noises. In Bavaria Walpurgisnacht is known as  Freinacht  and resembles Halloween, complete with youthful pranks.

Mood disorder part #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mood disorder part #2 - Essay Example An abused child may alternate between periods of irritability and periods of worthlessness and helplessness. What is interesting is that during these phases emotional upheaval those who come in contact with her may be unaware of her dilemma and accuse her of unsociability, violence and as having total disrespect for members of her society. Fundamental signals of depression in children may be a sudden change in academic performance as well as an apparent change in personality. A specific illustration of such a change would be that an energetic and intelligent child may suddenly become lethargic and appear to be disinterested in school work and other activities that formerly brought pleasure. Such a child may in fact begin to disrespect teachers and other classmates but this child would never dare to disrespect the abuser. Foul language, inappropriate behavior such as promiscuity, fighting and stealing may be the order of the day for such a child. It is usually at this juncture that a teacher may become concerned and request the assistance of guidance officers and social workers. Not only are emotional and behavioral signs present in the depressed child but also a mounting number of physical complaints. The child may begin to complain of headaches and stomachaches. This child may even experience difficulty in sleeping patterns. Further, there may be an abrupt increase or a decrease in appetite. Eventually one major incident between an authority figure and the child may lead to the child having and voicing desires of committing suicide. This desire to commit suicide may be expressed quietly to a trusted authority figure or shouted loudly as a threat to another individual in authority. On the other extreme this child may also voice the desire to fatally harm another individual. Clearly, the depressed child would manifest differently to adults who may still have the ability to hide their true feelings at times. The child suffering from depression due

A management report on preoperative fasting Essay

A management report on preoperative fasting - Essay Example is why it is essential to consider this process from the different viewpoints, through its limitations and weaknesses on the basis of the clinical practices and state policies. Ethical considerations are to be accounted also. In order to clarify all issues and to define the possible solutions for the existing problems in preoperative fasting, it is necessary to look through the principal notions of the preoperative fasting’ process, the guidelines of the royal college of nursing and other related researches, both supporting and denying the benefits of preoperative fasting. The need in preoperative fasting has become evident with understanding that the risk of pulmonary aspiration during the elective surgery may be significantly decreased or eliminated through the application of the preoperative fasting process. It has become a legal requirement for the clinical practices and medical specialists. On the basis of the official statistics the cases of the pulmonary aspiration are very rare (about 1 in 10,000 patients), while the statistics also shows that the majority of the cases in pulmonary aspiration take place in the emergency situation (traumas, for example) when the gastric emptying is delayed (Scarlett et al, 2002); the same statistics relates to the cases of emergency abdominal surgery, etc. This statistics may become supporting evidence that preoperative fasting is an essential process in making the statistical morbidity in elective surgery minimal. The purpose of the existing fasting guidelines is to minimize the gastric contents before electiv e surgery; however the question here arises: how to avoid the unnecessary thirst and dehydration. This is the principal issue in the present research of preoperative fasting, and this issue needs to be addressed on the state level through the development of the new policies in fasting. being expressed in plain words as ‘nothing by mouth after midnight’. However, the question here is – how it is possible to

Ethical Issue in Public Health Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issue in Public Health Essay 1. Ethical Leadership in the Hospital Business Due to the critical relevance of the healthcare service for the society, it is important for the organizations and institutions involved in this field to develop their operational system, administrative approaches, and patient care strategies to address effectively and efficiently the healthcare service needs of the community. Important in these institutions is the organizational aspect of their operation wherein the role of leadership becomes a critical material as this manifest as the key element in the ethical nature of their group. Indeed, leadership is important in the hospital institution as this serve as the focal point of the ethical nature and ideal identity of their organization. The leadership characteristics each hospital institution respectively defines their service and their ethical nature. Significantly, the leadership character needed in healthcare institutions is mainly based on their classification organized based on their facilities, potential, and ability to extend particular healthcare service. In relation to their classification, it is important for the organization to develop leadership principles and ethical values towards their purpose of providing healthcare service. In this aspect, the leadership characteristics of each hospital must be towards achieving success in the ethical purpose of their organization, maximizing their potential for effective service, and extending their services in their community. These elements must be fully integrated and must be effectively manifested by the leaders of the hospital organization for them to be able to influence and direct their institution towards the achievement of these missions. Developing the approach in the leadership system of a healthcare organization is often considered as a critical matter particularly the approach that will be taken by the leaders in influencing the entire organization. In motivating the personnel of the hospital towards their ethical agenda, it is important for the leaders to affect the views and ideology of its people through personally manifesting the values they wish to promote. An approach particular to this is â€Å"servant leadership† in which the leaders manifest the values of humility and humbleness in their actions thus, enabling them to lead their group through examples. In general, this approach is mainly means being the values that they wish to promote whereas through perception, the organization will be motivated to follow their leader’s example. Indeed, through applying this leadership strategy in uplifting the ethical values of the hospital organization, the institutions can become effective healthcare service medium addressing the need of the people for better health and better life. The ethical system by which hospital leadership is based actually outlines the needed level of relationship that doctors and other health staff should have with the patients that they are attending to. The level of involvement that they are allowed to have with their patients is usually broken down through the different ethical principles that the said industry applies in the system. 2. Contemporary Neuroscience and the Notion of Freedom The aspect of neuroscience primarily relates to the determination and the analysis of behavioral development of the human being based on the physiological and biological nature of the brain in the human body. In this field, scientists try to explain and understand how human behavior and its characteristics are developed from the complex development of the brain structure from its basic origin of single-celled to the complex formation of the human body. During the past, this field has been limited by numerous hindrances namely the boundaries in the current technological capacity. However, in the present, recent technological advancement with the numerous studies and efforts in this field brought about new discoveries and advances in the scientific field of neuroscience. Among the recent advances in this field formulation of the procedural approach in researching brain characteristics and activities in its fundamental structure wherein scientists are not able to explore the relationship and possibilities in genetic influence with the behavioral development. With the experimentation procedures in animals and the technological advances that allow molecular reconfiguration, neuroscientists are now able to explore the influence of genetic altercation with neurological and behavioral characteristics. In application, this recent advancement paved the way for greater possibilities wherein scientist hope on curing neurological problems and detrimental behavioral problems and retardation during the initial development of the brain. With more research, scientist can learn how to determine and stop possible brain and psychological problems during the fetal development of the human body thus negating its unfortunate consequences in the future. With this possibility, the choice of living a healthy physiological and psychological life can be made possible and available for the every human being, which will be significantly assured even during his or her fetal development. In addition, positive traits and characteristics can be enhanced in each generation influencing the development of the society for the better towards the future. Ethical matters in this part of the medical aspect of development involves the consideration that practitioners place on the capabilities of the patient to decide for their own medications or the process of healing that they are likely to accept in such serious cases of neuro-medication.

The Effects of Tobacco :: Papers

The Effects of Tobacco The smoking of tobacco became prevalent early in this century. The production of flue-cured tobacco, the development of cigarette rolling machines, and a public health concern over tuberculosis germs being spread through the cuspidors associated with snuff and chewing tobacco, all contributed to an increase in cigarette smoking. As smoking became more common, health problems emerged which seemed to be related to smoking. In the 1950’s, sir Richard Doll, a British researcher, studied the smoking habits of more than 34,000 physicians and found a strong correlation between smoking and disease. Throughout the 1950’s, research data on the effects of tobacco on human health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action." Since then, each Surgeon General has spoken out against smoking; the current Surgeon General proclaims smoking to be the number one preventable cause of disease and death. Medical science is in general agreement that use of tobacco endangers one’s health. Lung Cancer was the first health effect to be linked to smoking. Subsequent research has linked tobacco usage to heart disease, emphysema, and several other forms of cancer. Recent research has even suggested harmful effects to unborn children of smokers and to those non-smokers exposed to the side-smoke of smokers. One of the benefits of a free society is the freedom of choice for adults, so long as this freedom does not deprive other persons of their freedom The decision to smoke might appear to be one of those choices, since it is usually through that the health risks of smoking are borne largely by the individuals making the choice. Factors that complicate the simplicity of this argument are: 1) Smoking is a social custom and when one person smokes, other persons in the area are exposed to the smoke. 2) Adult smoking habits provide a powerful modeling which affects the habits of children and youth. 3) Society must bear some of the social cost (increased insurance premiums and various tax burdens) of death and disability brought about by the use of tobacco. The tobacco plant is believed to have originated in the Western Hemisphere. The cultivated species most often grown for North American and European tobacco products is Nicotiana tabacum. The leaves of the plant are prepared for smoking, chewing, or sniffing. In addition nicotine tobacco contains over 19 known carcinogens (most collectively known as "tar") and more than 2,000 chemicals. Prior to European influence in the Americas, tobacco was used by the Indians of Mexico and Peru for ceremonies, medicinal purposes, and to alleviate Error! Bookmark not defined.

Filipino women writers Essay

Maramag was a poet, newspaperman, and editor of the Manila Tribune. He was born in Ilagan, Isabela, on January 21,1893. He was educated at Isabela High School, Philippine Normal School, and the University of the Philippines. Many of his poems were published in various newspaper. Some of his more famous poems were : â€Å"A Christ without the Cross,† â€Å"The Atheist,† â€Å"Jose Rizal,† â€Å"Christmas,† and â€Å"Moonlight on Manila Bay. † One of his earlier poems was â€Å"The Rural Maid. † Maramag was editor of the Tribune when he died on October 23, 1936. A veteran newspaperman, he was considered one of the most brillant writers in English during his day. Thy glance, sweet maid, when first we met, Has left a heart that aches for thee, I feel the pain of fond regret — Thy heart, perchance, is not for me. We parted : though we met no more, My dreams are dreams of thee, fair maid; I think of thee, my thoughts implore The hours my lips on thine arelaid. Forgive these words that love impart, And pleading, bare the poet’s breast; And if a rose with thorns thou art, Yet on my breast that rose may rest. I know not what to name thy charms, Thou art half human, half divine; But if I could hold thee in my arms, I know both heaven and earth were mine. Questions: 1. What mood is created in the first stanza? 2. Why is the word dreams repeated? 3. Explain the rose symbol in the poem. 4. How is the emotion of love described? 5. Evaluate the poem. THE SPOUSE Luis G. Dato Mr. Dato was born in Camarines Sur in 1906. As a student he became interested in poetry. His first book, Filipino Poetry was published in 1924 and is considered the first anthology of Filipino poems in English. He published his own poems in Manila : A Collection of Verses (1926). He preferred the classical tradition and his favorite form was the sonnet. The smooth rhythm of his verse is similar to Longfellow’s poetry. In 1936 Mr. Dato published My Book of Verses. Jose Garcia Villa has included two of his poems, â€Å"Day on the Farm† and â€Å"The Spouse,† in A Doveglion Book of Philippine Poetry (1962). Rose in her hand, and moist eyes young with weeping, She stands upon the threshold of her house, Fragrant with scent that wakens love from sleeping, She looks far down to where her husband plows. Her hair disheveled in the night of passion, Her warm limbs humid with the sacred strife, What may she know but man and woman fashion, Out of the clay of wrath and sorrow, Life? She holds no joys beyond the day’s tomorrow, She finds no worlds beyond his arm’s embrace,  She looks upon the Form behind the furrow, Who is her Mind, her Motion, Time and Space. Oh, somber mystery of eyes unspeaking, And dark enigma of Life’s loves forlorn, The sphinx beside the river smiles with seeking, The secret answer since the world was born. Questions: 1. Describe the setting and the mood of the poem. 2. What words in the second stanza reflect the author’s view of life? 3. Explain the line, â€Å"Who is her Mind, her Motion, Time and Space†. 4. Who is the sphinx beside the river? 5. What is the author’s purpose in the poem? RAIN M. de Gracia Concepcion Marcelo de Gracia Conception was born in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur. He served with the United States Navy during the first World War. After the war, he spent a summer in the Alaskan fisheries. Then he attended the University of California, studying first to be a lawyer and then to be a writer. While studying, he supported himself by being a dishwasher, postal clerk, and newspaper reporter. In 1925, Azucena, the book of poems which won him fame, was published. These mystical poems reveal the spiritual emotions of the poet as he looks upon the universe. In 1932 he published another collection of poems in Bamboo Flute. At the time of his death, he was doing a minor role in a Hollywood movie. After the rain, darkness lifts to luminous acres of space above— and earth’s sweet scents breathe anew. Questions: 1. What feeling is created by the poem? 2. What senses does the poet appeal to? 3. What is the mood of the authors? 4. Is the poem realistic? Explain. 5. Evaluate the poem. Give your insights. LONELY M. de Gracia Concepcion I sit alone, Thinking sharp thoughts and as warmless as the glacial sun. I sit alone like a frozen rock left and embedded deep in glacial rivers— lonely. Questions: 1. What mood is created by this poem? 2. What images suggest this mood? 3. What words indicate this mood? 4.  What other words or images could you use to suggest the same mood? 5. Evaluate the poem. Give your insight. 1896 (CRY FREEDOM) Aurelio S. Alvero Aurelio S. Alvero is a famous writer here in the Philippines . He noted that Magtanggol ASA emblem. He initiated the translation into Tagalog of the law Military . He was a poet, orator, teacher, lawyer and leader. The cry awoke Balintawak And the echoes answered back: â€Å"FREEDOM! † All the four winds listened long, To the shrieking of that song. Every poet struck his lyre, With those burning notes of fire. All the women knelt to pray,In their hearts that frenzied lay. Even the children and the old, Took to arms and shouted bold, â€Å"FREEDOM! † I heard it from the planters in the vales, I heard it from the traders tying bales, I heard it where the fishers strike their sales, I heard it where the huskers ‘neath the trees, I heard it from the divers of the seas, I heard it from the pounders in the leas. All the people raised the cry, Fearing not to bleed or die, All the tombs of slave & sire, Broke to voice that great desire, Up the mountain, down the plain Louder, louder rang the strain. â€Å"FREEDOM! † I heard it from the makers of the brooms, I heard it from the weavers at their looms,  I heard it from the smoking smithy rooms, I heard it in the farthest islet shore. We heard it, and shall hear it evermore. â€Å"FREEDOM! â€Å" Questions: 1. What is the mood of the writer? 2. What is the theme of the poem? 3. Why is the author write this kind of poem? 4. How will you interpret this? 5. Give the messsage of the poem. LIKE THE MOLAVE Rafael Zulueta da Costa Rafael Zulueta da Costa (born 1915) is a Filipino poet. He uses the name R. Zulueta da Costa as a writer, and Rafael Zulueta as a businessman. He was a graduate of De La Salle College (now University) where he specialized in business administration. He began writing poems in Spanish and later he also wrote in English. His most famous work is Like the Molave and Other Poems, which won the Commonwealth Literary Award for Poetry in 1940. Not yet, Rizal, not yet. Sleep not in peace: There are a thousand waters to be spanned; There are a thousand mountains to be crossed; There are a thousand crosses to be borne. Our shoulders are not strong; our sinews are Grown flaccid with dependence, smug with ease Under another’s wing. Rest not in peace; Not yet, Rizal, not yet. The land has need Of young blood-and, what younger than your own, Forever spilled in the great name of freedom,  Forever oblate on the altar of The free? Not you alone, Rizal. O souls And spirits of the martyred brave, arise! Arise and scour the land! Shed once again Your willing blood! Infuse the vibrant red Into our thin anaemic veins; until We pick up your Promethean tools and, strong, Out of the depthless matrix of your of your faith In us, and on the silent cliffs of freedom, We carve for all time your marmoreal dream! Until our people, seeing, are become Like the molave, firm, resilent, staunch, Rising on the hillside, unafraid, Strong in its own fibre, yes, like the molave! Questions: 1. What is the mood of the author? 2. Who do you think is talking about the poem like a MOLAVE? 3. Why is the author writes this poem? what is his purpose? 4. What is your interpretation about the poem? 5. How this poem affects the readers? PROEM Jose Garcia Villa Mr. Villa has won international fame as a short story writer and poet. He was born in Manila in 1906. He studied in the public schools and at the University of the Philippines. His controversial poem â€Å"Man Songs† caused his expulsion from the University of the Philippines in 1929. He finished B. A in 1932 at the University of New Mexico, and he completed his M. A at Columbia University. In 1961 he received the Pro Patria Award. The next year he won the Republic Cultural Heritage Award for his Poems 55 and Selected Stories. On June 12, 1973, Mr. Villa received the National Artist award for his many literary accomplishments. The meaning of a poem is not a meaning of words. The meaning of a poem is a symbol like the breathlessness of birds. A poem cannot be repeated in paraphrase. A poem is not a thought but a grace. A poem has no meaning but loveliness. A poem has no purpose than to caress. Questions: 1. What is the meaning of the title? 2. What qualities do the author give to a poem? 3. Will you give other qualities should the poem have? 4. What line do you like the most? Why? 5. What do you think is the reason why the author write this kind of poem? THE SEA Natividad Marquez Why does the sea laugh, Mother, As it glints beneath the sun? It is thinking of the joys, my child, That it wishes every one. Why does the sea sob so, Mother, As it breaks on the rocky shore? It recalls the sorrows of the world. And weeps forevermore. Why is the sea so peaceful, Mother, As if it were fast asleep? It would give our tired hearts, dearest child, The comfort of the deep. Questions: 1. What is the theme of the poem? 2. Why do you think the author choose the title â€Å"The Sea†? 3. What is the style use by the author? 4. Why does the speaker said that â€Å"Why the sea smile? † Is this realistic? 5. What is the message of the poem? TO A LOST ONE Angela Manalang-Gloria Angela Manalang-Gloria (1907–1995) was a Filipina poet in the English language. Angela Caridad Legaspi Manalang was born on August 2, 1907 in Guagua, Pampanga to parents, Felipe Dizon Manalang and Tomasa Legaspi. However, their family later settled in the Bicol region, particularly in Albay. Caring—as she is fondly called—studied at St.  Agnes Academy in Legaspi, where she graduated valedictorian in elementary. In her senior year, she moved to St. Scholastica’s College in Malate, Manila, where her writing started to get noticed. Angela Manalang was among the first generation female students at the University of the Philippines. Angela initially enrolled in law, as suggested by her father. However, with the advice of her professor C. V. Wickers, who also became her mentor, she eventually transferred to literature. It was also during her education at the University of the Philippines that she and poet, Jose Garcia Villa developed a life-long rivalry. Both poets vied for the position of literary editor of The Philippine Collegian, which Manalang eventually held for two successive years. After graduation, Manalang-Gloria worked briefly for the Philippine Herald Mid-Week Magazine. She was the author of Revolt from Hymen, a poem protesting against marital rape, which caused her denial by an all-male jury from winning the Philippine’s Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940. She was also the author of the poetry collection, Poems, first published in 1940 (and revised in 1950). I shall haunt you, O my lost one, as the twilight Haunts a grieving bamboo trail,  And your dreams will linger strangely with the music Of a phantom lover’s tale You shall not forget, for I am past forgetting I shall come to you again With the starlight, and the scent of wild champakas, And the melody of rain. You shall not forget. Dusk will peer into your Window, tragic-eyed and still. And unbidden startle you into remembrance with its hand upon the still. Questions: 1. Who is the lost one? 2. What mood is created in the first stanza? 3. Explain: â€Å"You shall not forget, for I am past forgetting†. 4. What flower use by the author? Why this flower use? 5. How is the emotion of love described? 6. Evaluate the poem. PRAYER OF A STUDENT Trinidad L. Tarrosa-Subido Trinidad Tarrosa-Subido was a Filipino linguist and poet she born in Socorro oriental Mindoro, where her father worked as a star . After her father’s death, she and her mother returned to Manila in 1917. She graduated from Manila East High School, and in 1929, she took the civil service examination in order to work in the Bureau of Education, and passed it with a grade of 97 percent, the highest then on record. She enrolled as a working student at the University of the Philippines at Padre Faura (commonly known as UP Manila) in 1932 and met her husband Abelardo Subido. She became a member of the UP Writers Club and contributed her sonnets. In 1945, she and her husband published poems titled Two Voices, with an introduction by Salvador P. Lopez. After the war, the Subidos put up a daily newspaper, The Manila Post, which closed in 1947 and made her a freelance writer. She then became editor of Kislap-Graphic and Philippine Home Economics Journal. She retired in 1971, and in 1984, she was invited by the Women in Media Now to write the introduction to Filipina I, the first anthology consisting of works made exclusively by Filipino women. She was honored in 1991 by the Unyon ng Mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas (UMPIL). She died in 1994. To learn, dear Lord, about these em’rald leaves, These tendered-petalled blosssoms laved in dew. From where they came, and how and why they lived; Or yet to know why ocean waters lash Their atomed selves against the granite rocks That senseless lie along the shores; to know Why rainbows fling their ribboned souls athwart The eastern skies when sunrays flick the west; Why lightning furies rage when storm winds still The thunder echoes hurtling through the dark; To learn about the earth, about the moon,  The sun and lesser stars and other worlds That span the cerulescent firmament. To learn great facts about the little things And then, while knowing these, not to unlearn- Never, O God, to unlearn the child-learned truth That thou art in reality the source, The Why, the How, the Wherefore, of all things. Questions: 1. Why is the poem entitling â€Å"The Prayer of the Students†? 2. What do you think is the purpose of this poem? 3. How the author writes this kind of poem? What style did she use? 4. Discuss the mood of the whole poem. 5. For who is this poem dedicated? 6. Give your insight about this poem.

American Agriculture Essay

American agriculture through the change of technology, government policy and economic had show an increase decline, politically, industrially, and economically, in the period 1865-1900. The period was categorized as a time of Republican laissez-faire governments that favored big business. Technology was making massive strides but mostly in urban manufacturing. The technological improvements that were made available were sold to the farmers at outrageous prices and shipped at high freight rates. Economically, the prices of agriculture were decreasing with that many farmers found themselves in a condition worst than living. Although famers were represented somewhat in government, these pro-agriculture politicians could not defeated the power of urban industry and big business. Although it was the famers who contributed for the country and harvest the substances on which the urban class relied upon, the farmers were becoming the forgotten people of America. Because of the political, ind ustrial, and economic challenges that the farmers were forced to face, American agriculture suffered during the late 19th century. Technologically, the United States was growing at a rapid rate. Advancements began to centralize industries and make life easier for the working class. Railroads were replacing canals and trails and soon, had spread across the entire nation, expanding the national market and making any part of the country accessible. From 1870-1890, the number of railroads increased enormously and the number of railroads with major land grants grew as well (Document B). This may have appeared as a positive gain for farmers on paper but in reality, the railroad hurt the farmers. While this new means of transportation allowed farmers to expand even further and ship their harvest or cattle faster to more markets. Money hungry railroad tycoons such as Leland Stanford, and others controlled the main railroads. The freight rates were outrageous and many farmers lost out on a sizable amount of money throughout the process. After the cost of shipping, taxes, low buying prices, and the cost of equipment, the farmers were left with little profit. The technological advancements made favored the farmer because it made it easier to farm but often times farmers could not afford the tools, because it was too expensive. During a wheat harvest, instead of using a mechanical harvester, possibility motorized, a farmer was reduced to  using a team of horses, many times there are 30 horses used to pull the harvest (Document D). Although technology was booming during the era, the advancements did not help the farmers. The positive gain looked good on paper but not in reality, which is often characterized during the era most infamously, coined by Mark Twain as the Gilded Age. The government policy at the time was laissez-faire; Republicans were in office, favored the large industries and big business. As a result, the farmers were not well represented in Washington or helped back home. Not much progress was made but when it was, advances were limited. In Illinois, the people were able to gain a small victory when the Supreme Court allowed Illinois legislature to pass a law limiting freight rate (Document C). Those making progress were usually part of the populist movement, a pre-agricultural party that favored the rights of farmers. Organizations were established such as the Grangers and Farmer’s Alliance, which allowed farmers with goals and belief to organize and unite. Leader such as Mary Elizabeth Lease presented to the people that the government had lied to the people and deceived them. She supported her argument through glamming facts such as price reduction and claims of overproduction (Document G). The government had problems dealing with the Indian problem and stalled the settlement of agricultural regions for Americans (Document I). One of the most heated debates was the decision between gold and silver standard. The Republican wanted to flood the economy and inflate with silver to support the farmers and miners out west. William Jennings Bryan argued that the country relied on farmers and that without them the country was doomed. He argued that the country should support the farmers because they provide for the nation. He made a ‘cross of gold’ speech that, if cities were burned down with the farms, life will again survive like miracles, but if farms were burned down, leaving the cities then the cities will only be a ruined (Document J). The Republicans did not do much to help the economy or farmers because of the laissez faire attitude and thus, not only led to the downfall of the farmers but of the nation because of Presidents such as Rutherford B. Hayes and U lysses Grant. Economically, the farmers were crushed pepper, and robbed. The farmers  could not obtain the sliver standard they wanted to finance themselves and were being held down by big business and the pro-wealthy Republicans. As farmers produced more and more to make the highest possible amount of money, the price of the crop dropped and led to overproduction (Document A). They violated the law of supply and demand and suffered. If the farmer did succeed, he would have to give up practically allot of to the railroads, government, or any other players involved in the industry. In some cases, contracts were signed, practically signing away half of the farmer with hardly anything (Document E). The farmers were left cripple and stuck in vicious cycle. The crop and cattle can be shipped to markets far away, usually Chicago, and the transit fare increased as distance increased (Document F). The farmers are often left poor, out of work and starving. The weather takes their crop and if not the weat her, the scheming businessmen. They are left with a loss of dignity, hope and broken spirits (Document H). In the end, those that provided for the nation end up being crushed by the giant people they held feed. Economically, the farmers have their hands tried. During the Gilded Age, 1865-1900, American suffered from a non –existent government and big business and corporations, the farmers endured some of the worst hardship as a result. The American agriculture greatly declined and politically, economically, and industrially, were crushed and left in a hopeless, vicious cycle.

Has United States foreign policy been guided Essay Example

Has United States foreign policy been guided Essay Example Has United States foreign policy been guided Essay Has United States foreign policy been guided Essay 2003, p. 3 ) The logical and convenient replacing for Communism, after the onslaughts of September 11, 2001, was Muslim fundamentalism, which needfully thrust American foreign policy in the Middle East to the centre phase. American foreign policy in the Middle East is one part where the struggle between American idealism and American pragmatism, every bit good as a failure of imaginativeness in exceeding a Cold War-esque good vs. evil’ paradigm, has caused serious failures in policy that have gone beyond the rational and affected the lives and wellbeing of 1000000s of people non merely in the Middle East, but across the Earth. The most noteworthy illustrations are the mostly nonreversible support the US has systematically given to Israel at the disbursal of its neighbours, and the 2003 invasion and subsequent business of Iraq, which is now widely regarded worldwide, with the exclusion of the most hardline ideologists within the Bush Administration and its few Alliess, as a ca tastrophe. American support for Israel has been, and continues to be, an highly complicated affair governed by a complex mix of echt benevolence, idealism, and rational histrionpractical politics. As the largest individual state on Earth with a population owing the bulk of its spiritual tradition to Judeo-christian civilization, the United States possesses a natural spiritual affinity to, and affinity for, the state consisting a part of the geographics from which Christianity and Judaism sprung, Israel. There is besides an extra, less rational undertone of spiritual fundamentalism to US support for Israel ; many Americans of evangelical, or fundamentalist Christian religion hold the belief that Jews are God’s chosen people and that it is hence axiomatic that Israel keep a particular topographic point on the universe phase and bask a particular friendly relationship with the US. To Muslims, peculiarly those in the Middle East, this is a self-evidently a deeply violative impression ; to Bu ddhists and other Eastern religions, the full impression of a chosen people anointed by a divinity who plays favorites largely likely appears silly. There is besides a natural moral gravitation to the predicament of Jews, who suffered mightily from flooring race murder during World War II, the understanding for which is surely a worthy factor in sing any friendly relationship between the United States and Israel. Finally, there is a considerable pragmatism to US policy towards Israel: the Middle East, being both a historically volatile hotbed of force and instability and the location of oil indispensable to the opportunism of the US. It has ever been in the US’ opportunism, so to hold a sympathetic, strong ally in the part which portions its values. Israel has ever served this function good, supplying both a counterweight to other states and civilizations that do non believe extremely of the US every bit good every bit functioning as a proxy political histrion in the part. Unfortunately, there is a self-defeating politico-religious exceptionalism that powers a part of US idealism, and which the US and Israel portion – viz. , a strong belief that as beacons of blessed freedom and values, they are entitled to repress others, militarily or culturally, who do non hold with that strong belief, and that the agencies by which that subjection occurs are, ironically, frequently exempt from judgement as being incompatible with those same sacred values. The United States and Israel are united, for illustration, in the belief that Iran should non be allowed to possess atomic arms, yet the United States possesses the most deadly reserve of all states on Earth. Israel, while denying that is has atomic arms ( all grounds to the reverse ) , perennially asserts its right, whether by title or force, to protect itself. Israel has repeatedly retaliated against Palestinian Acts of the Apostless that disrespect human rights and values, i.e. suicide bombardments, by r eacting with military operations – overt and covert – which at the really least dabble in the same ugly methodological analysis as their oppositions, rendering slightly hypocritical Israel’s moral authorization. This same aggressive stance the preference for the self-justified pickings of preemptive political, economic, and/or military action upon arbitrary determination has marked United States foreign policy under the disposal of George W. Bush. Simply put, the US and Israel frequently do whatever they like under the rubric of self-defense, while take a firm standing that the agencies of making so are exempt from crystalline moral rating by other states. The confederation between the two, so, has come at the disbursal of many other possible confederations in the Middle East and has engineered a pronounced misgiving and disfavor of the United States among many Muslims, who view American policy in the Middle East as ill disguised Zionism, a unidimensional point of view which though meritable in some respect, distorts the more rational and benevolent motives the US has for its confederation with Israel. The terminal consequence in any instance is that the US frequently finds itself in hard and unsafe state of affairss with regard towards its involvements in the Middle East due to its disproportionate favouritism towards Israel. Though the Clinton and Bush disposals publically advocated, and done some work towards guaranting the rights of Palestinians to hold their ain province co-existing with Israel, the perceptual experience of favouritism remains and negatively impacts US involvements in the Middle East. One of the first grudges amon g those Muslim fundamentalists who engage in terrorist activities is their accusal that the United States favours Israel and disrespects Islam. While whatever virtues this accusal may hold can non excuse such barbarous Acts of the Apostless of force, the issues underlying the accusal can non be ignored in successful foreign policy decision-making. However, the Bush Administration has displayed small involvement in those issues, prefering punitory action. The connexion between Israel and Iraq goes beyond their mere geographical propinquity. Indeed, the other sore topographic point in American foreign policy in the Middle East is its cataclysmal failure in Iraq, and this is non a happenstance. American idealism, or a version of it propagated by an ideological motion dominant in the foreign policy setup of the Bush Administration known as neoconservatism, led the US to occupy and busy Iraq, the attempt disintegrating into a morass that has cost the US over $ 400 billion ( US ) , over 3,000 lives of American military forces, and estimations of between 30,000 – 100,000 Iraqi deceases – with no terminal in sight. What motivated these neoconservatives, and who are they? Harmonizing to one of their ain, noted conservative foreign policy mind Phillip Zelikow, the motive behind Iraq had to make with Israel: Why would Iraq assail America or utilize atomic arms against us? I ll state you what I think the existent menace ( is ) and really has been since 1990 it s the menace against Israel†¦ And this is the menace that dare non talk its name, because the Europeans do nt care deeply about that menace, I will state you honestly. And the American authorities does nt desire to tilt excessively difficult on it rhetorically, because it is non a popular sell. ( Zelikow, quoted in Mekay, 2006 ) The neoconservatives of the Bush disposal owe their rational inspiration mostly to Leo Straus, a German-born political philosopher who fled Nazi Germany to get away persecution as a Jew. Strauss †¦ taught his adherents a belief in absolutes, disdain for relativism, and joy in abstract propositions. He approved of Plato s noble prevarications, ’ disliked much of modern life, and believed [ in ] a Straussian elite in government†¦ ( Schlesinger, 2004 ) Neoconservative adherents of Strauss seethed at what they perceived as American failure to pull off Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The onslaughts on the US of September 11, 2001, provided the screen for the neoconservatives to work out the Iraq job under the rubric of self-defense and preemptive action. The neoconservative phantasy was that Iraq could be easy converted into a democracy should the U.S. dispense with Saddam Hussein in an impressive show of force. The thought, so, was to set up a 2nd axis of US proxy power in th e Middle East to supplement the US confederation with Israel, which would in bend lead to a Domino consequence of American values being inculcated into the Middle East and supplying a counterweight to hostile Islamic currents and guaranting the safety of American involvement in oil. However, Iraq has now descended into a sectarian civil war between Muslim cabals who have small involvement in functioning as a beacon of American values, and the US government’s dishonesty in jointing its motives for the war has now been widely exposed. In this instance, the debacle in Iraq was a consequence of the victory of idealist neoconservatism over rationalist pragmatism in American foreign policy. While American opportunism in Middle East oil has ever provided a consistent realist component to American foreign policy, the matrimony of and subservience of that pragmatism to the idealism of neoconservative political orientation was a catastrophe in Iraq. The idealism actuating American fore ign policy in Iraq, nevertheless well-intended it may hold been, suffered greatly from the hubris of self-assumed American cultural, moral, and military high quality. An ill-judged mix of idealism and pragmatism has led to the US errors Iraq, and ill-judged unconditioned support of Israel, both of which damaged US involvement in the Middle East and across the Earth. Most grave is the encouragement and foment of Islamic fundamentalist terrorist act. The US, holding been in a alone place of moral and military authorization post-9/11 to take a planetary campaign against fundamentalism-inspired terrorist act, has alternatively engineered the terrible weakening of its military capacity and an addition in understanding for, and engagement in, Islamic terrorist act. BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES Cameron, Fraser.U.S. Foreign Policy after the Cold War( Andover: Routledge, 2nd edition, 2005 ) Charles W. Kegley, Eugene R. Wittkopf A ; James M. Scott,American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process6th Edition. ( Thomson/Wadsworth, 2003 ) Mekay, Emad. IRAQ: War Launched to Protect Israel, Inter Press Service News Agency, 28 December 2006. Schlesinger, Jr. , Arthur. The Making of a Mess, New York Book Review, September 23, 2004. Friedman, Murray,The Neoconservative Revolution: Judaic Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy( Cambridge University Press, 2005 ) Zelikow, Phillip ( editor ) .American Military Scheme: Memos to a President ( Aspen Policy Series )W.W. Norton A ; Company, 2001. Zunes, Stephen.Tinderbox: US Foreign Policy A ; the Roots of Terrorism( London: Zed Books, 2002 ) .

Online Leraning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Leraning - Essay Example In this essay, I'll discuss why online learning has the advantages that it makes it compete with traditional classrooms. The first online courses were delivered on command-line systems. Later on, Archie, Veronica and Gopher were used from course providers to give students access to information and MOO's (Multi user dungeon Object Oriented) came to provide real-time text-based communication. During the 90's, newer conferencing systems became available, and after the advent of the web they supported audio and video also, to conclude to web-in-a-box software for student tracking (Mason, 1998). Most online courses are based on applications known as "course management systems", where topics are outlined and students and teachers have discussions, complete tests, submit papers; and where resources and grades are posted. These characteristics enable people with tight-schedules, remote locations or simply with preference to study from home, the possibility of learning at their own pace, organizing their time (flexibility), and interacting with a lot of different people. Therefore, their most important advantages include flexibility, interactivity, lower costs, multimedia and hyperlinking. Another important advantage is that distractions are minimized. ... These characteristics enable people with tight-schedules, remote locations or simply with preference to study from home, the possibility of learning at their own pace, organizing their time (flexibility), and interacting with a lot of different people. Therefore, their most important advantages include flexibility, interactivity, lower costs, multimedia and hyperlinking. Another important advantage is that distractions are minimized. Since the student can access the course whenever he/she wants, he/she will be more attentive to the contents than in an obligatory lecture in a day where he/she perhaps has a headache or a classmate is distracting him/her. The possibility of taking courses at far-distanced universities. What about courses that are not offered at your campus Let's say you would like to learn Serbian, but your college doesn't offer it. You could enroll for Serbian 101 at a college located hundreds of miles away. Still another advantage is that, taking these types of courses can strengthen other important skills needed studying and/or at a job. "On-line courses provide the opportunity to improve technology and Internet skills," says Tim Ely, director of instructional design at Harcum College in Pennsylvania.2 Not everyone is for online courses, some articles say. One of the major disadvantages is that the face-to face relationships with teacher and classmates are gone. "A drawback is that you have no face-to-face interaction with peers and instructors, meaning you can't tune in and react to clues such as body language, facial expression, and tone of voice," says Ely. "A feeling of isolation and lack of community may also develop due to lack of human contact." Motivation He who wants to learn shall learn. Whether inside of a classroom or in front of a

Drug Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drug Education - Essay Example The authorities are dealing with a higher number of arrests related to drugs. More over, records indicate that drug use is one of the major causes of death recently, being associated with directly causing death as well as deaths that are related to drugs. It was also established that the rising crime levels are associated with drugs (Cleaver et al 1999 p. 87). Data from the Home Office and the police supported this study (Blackman 2004 pp. 148-149). It is understood that even young women who initially were not in the drug consuming bracket as well as cultural minorities and young people in the rural areas are increasingly getting recruited in drug use (Shipp et al 2005 p. 261). . This essay is a critical evaluation of the drug use policies that are significant in preventing drug use. Several models and methods of drug use have been discussed as well as their role in promoting drug use prevention. Due to the widespread presence of drug use in the society, governments embarked on formulation of policies aimed at facilitating drug education that can help in changing this social condition. The policies are aimed at preventing non-drug users from beginning, especially in schools. This is because it was established that the potential age for beginners is school age (Melrose et al 2007 p. 67). Primary prevention is therefore focused on prevention through drug education in schools. The approaches to drug education have mainly been sociological and cultural perspectives. One of the approaches is to establish other activities that can satisfy the user in place of drugs. These are mainly useful for the drug users who do it for recreation or relaxation purposes. This is a diversionary-alternatives means of enhancing a reduction in drug use (Blackman 2004 p. 153). Education focused on a particular situation in regard to drug use is also significant in helping the drug users to stop consu ming them. Peer education has also played a significant role in ensuring

SAM 451 UNIT 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAM 451 UNIT 2 - Assignment Example Pernetti who had earlier defended the coach, rooting for the coach’ rehabilitation accepted the dismissal and vowed to regain the trust of Rutgers community (The New York Times). There are several types of feature stories. These are; profile, explanatory piece, color story, human interest, news feature, backgrounder, lifestyle feature, travel story, general feature, interview piece, investigative feature, column and review (Helitzer 162). The type of feature focused in the article is Human interest story. The article focuses on interactions between a professional, a coach, basketball team and the Rutgers community. Emotion created in the story is of remorse, derived from the way the coach relates with his team. The use of slur and humiliating approaches to team members who possess talent and vigor in the game is demoralizing. Information about the character of the coach, attitude developed by the team is revealed. An anonymous person takes the initiative of recording a video during the training sessions to reveal the vice. The whistle-blower creates a dramatic event that reveals Rice’s character without dispute that leads to his

Customer service - M Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer service - M - Coursework Example It is vital for Tesco to build trust amid customers regarding prices and its stability to attain increased competitiveness. Tesco in order to meet its standards has undertaken initiatives to create immense value for its customers as well as shareholders through leveraging its experiences. The vision of Tesco is â€Å"to offer simple, transparent, and convenient products which reward its customers’ loyalty and strengthen their bond with the business† (Tesco Plc, 2014). Tesco complies with requisite legal aspects and best business practices to meet its customer demand for securing increased profit. The aim of Tesco is to provide best services to every customer in order to enhance customer loyalty towards the brand. The objective of the study is to understand the importance of legal aspects, customer service standards, and performances relevant to Tesco and its customers. Customers are bestowed with numerous rights and protections in order to get the best results and prevent offensive practices within the business. Tesco understands the legal rights of consumers and hence provides proper information about its products to them. Moreover, to ensure effective management of the customer services, Tesco provides helpline numbers and customer helpdesk and resolve their queries and complaints. From the perspective of organisational requirements, it is important for Tesco to provide a better shopping experience and deliver a proper after sales services for encouraging customers engage in repeated sales. Customer satisfaction is the key to success and hence it is important to understand and track their changing needs. Ensuring ethical operation and knowing customers are essential for business to sustain in the long-run. Every company needs to follow certain rules and legislation, along with external regulations to manage customers in a fair and efficient mann er. It is observed that complying with legal aspects enhance the quality of services.

A Critique of Data warehousing in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems

A Critique of Data warehousing in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems INTRODUCTION General Background There are different ways in which companies have collected and accessed the data in order to support and enhance the business. Since 1990s, with the emergence of the concept of business data warehouse, companies have been instituting data warehousing for data mining, data analysis, reporting and other business intelligence purpose (Matthias et al., 2003). Bill Inmon in 1990, defined data warehousing as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a subject-oriented, integrated, non-volatile, and time-variant collection of data in support of managements decisions. He also stated that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“data warehouse contains a very useful source of data for the explorer and data miner. The data found in the data warehouse is cleansed, integrated, organized. And the data is historicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Inmon W. H, 2002). Data warehouse is also defined as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“architecture used to maintain critical historical data that has been extracted from operational data storage and transformed into formats acce ssible to the organizations analytical communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Anne Marie, 2009). In the same decade, with the success of Material Requirements Planning 2 (MRP II) and its evolution to Enterprise resource planning (ERP), various companies implemented ERP software as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“integrated suitesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that automate core corporate activities and helps the corporate managers to coordinate the common functions of an enterprise (Gibson et al., 1999). ERP can be defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“techniques and concepts for integrated management of business as a whole from the viewpoint of the effective use of management resources to improve the efficiency of enterprise management. ERP packages are integrated (covering all business functions) software packages that support these ERP conceptsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Alexis Leon, 2008). For every critical business decision taken, information is the foundation. To facilitate this, all functional areas of the organization are integrated using ERP (Chou, 2005). Most ERP vendors have an integrated business suite containing busi ness intelligence (BI) tools to access their data modules directly. However, data warehousing in ERP system is a complicated task that requires the use of various types of inputs like the historical data, and the information that are external to the ERP system (Peng and Nunes, 2008; Chaudhuri et al., 1997). Although ERP systems can integrate all business transaction data into their master databases for organizational planning, it may not be a solution for data analysis and decision support process. Selection of ERP, implementation and integration with BI is the costly and risky processes in the companys life span (Baki et al, 2005). This paper reviews the value of data warehousing in ERP systems. It identifies the power and the capabilities ERP and Data Warehousing. And, reviews the claims made by ERP vendors about their integrated BI solution. The conclusion is provided in the last section. Research Objectives The paper presents the study of features and claims by ERP vendors on its ERPs efficiency of the data warehousing in ERP system. This study attempts to critically review and question the claims by ERP vendors on their efficiency of Data warehousing in ERP systems. Research objective is also to identify those issues that occur in Data warehousing in ERP systems, and then map them in the research framework, perhaps with more detail related to the dimensions that are found. The issues are defined with the viewpoints of vendors and consultants. This paper will provide an overview of the issues and challenges that the intersection of these two IS concepts are creating. Research Design An overview of the importance of the information technology sector and a synopsis on enterprise resource planning systems are presented first, followed by a discussion on the research problem and the academic and practical motivations for undertaking the present study. The study is a review of literature, and claims made by prominent ERP vendors on the data warehousing in ERP system. Critical Literature Review The research design of this study consists of theoretical risk ontology through a critical literature review. A critical literature review was conducted by first searching for the appropriate literature. Initial phase of the literature research attempted to search and retrieve the secondary literature sources like journals, books and newspapers that are directly related to data warehousing in ERP, and data mining. In this process it was identified that current research studies on data warehousing in ERP system focus mainly on ERP selection, implementation, integration with data warehouse, and business intelligence (Chou et al, 2005; Shehab et al, 2004; Davenport, 1998; Themistocleous et al, 2006). The process involved a search of prominent Publisher of journals in information services like ACM Portal, Emerald, Wiley Interscience and Web search engine Google Scholar and IEE Explore. Journals and databases were searched by generating key words and search terms with initial reading and brainstorming. I decided to focus my study on articles that discuss the ERP and particularly the integration with BI. This paper presents the critical literature review about the data warehousing in ERP systems. ERP SYSTEMS Definition of ERP ERP system is a software package that integrates the flow information through the company, including financial, accounting, human resources, supply chain, and customer information. Yen et al (2002) defined ERP system as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a business management system that integrates all facets of the business, including planning, marketing and manufacturingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . An integrated ERP system can cover wide range of functionalities like reporting, planning, budgeting, forecasting, strategy management, scorecards, and risk management (SAP, 2009) and integrate them into one unified database. It automates core corporate activities by incorporating best practices to facilitate rapid decision making, cost reduction, and greater managerial control (Holland et al, 1999). For example, functional modules such as manufacturing, warehouse management, human resources, finance, customer relations management, supply chain management were all once stand alone software applications, typically having its own database and network (tech-faq, 2009). Best practices are incorporated as a result of the long development history of the ERPs. ERP market is led by companies like SAP AG, Oracle Corporation, Sage Group, Microsoft Corporation and Infor Global Solutions (Wikipedia, 2009). Importance of ERP An important reason for implementing ERP is that, it can help companies re-engineer their business process and compete in the market. Davenport (1998) says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“for managers who have struggled, at great expense and with great frustration, with incompatible information systems and inconsistent operating practices, the promise of an off-the-shelf solution to the problem of business integration is enticingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Following are the benefits of ERP systems over the distributed stand alone departmental systems (Yen et al, 2002): * Business process automation a unified enterprise view of the business that encompasses all functions and departments. Improvement in the supply chain via the use of e-communication and E-commerce. * Timely access to management information an enterprise database where all business transactions are entered, recorded, processed, monitored and reported There are many reasons why organizations find ERP system very attractive. The primary reasons focus on the frustrations in using the existing stand alone systems. Convincing reasons for a purchasing ERP system may include (Chen, 2001): * Efficiency of the current system Inability of the existing stand alone systems to support organizational needs * Failure in the distributed system The use of multiple points of input using multiple application which leads in duplicated effort of capturing and storing the data in existing system * Maintenance overhead in the current system The requirement of extensive resources (man and machine) for maintenance and support of the system. * Competition Competition in the global market and the desire to reengineer its business process * Company growth The growth of the enterprise and subsequent incompatibility of several legacy information system * E-commerce Inability of employees to respond easily to questions or information requested by key customer or suppliers ERP systems provide a common platform and business practices across the enterprise that allows the real-time access. According to Davenport (1998), ERP solutions are designed to solve the fragmentation of information in large business organisations, and integrate all the information flowing within a company. ERP failures ERP system implementation can either reap huge benefits for successful companies or it can be disastrous for organizations that fail to manage the implementation process (Holland et al, 1999). The selection and acquisition of ERP software is a risky and challenging task. And a wrong purchase may adversely affect the organization. Themistocleous states many reason for the failure of ERP system. For example, * Resistance from the employs against the change in the system * Differences between organisations and consultants as a result of cost overruns and projects delays. * Non-flexibility in ERP software forces organisation to abandon their way of doing business * Conflict with the business strategy of the organization Selecting ERP and implementation In-house software system development is generally expensive, time consuming and often covered by uncertainties and integration of various incompatible software systems may not function well with each other. If different software packages are being used, data may not be consistent. On the other hand purchasing off-the-shelf ERP software packages can solve problem. Holland et al (1999) says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the companies are radically changing their information technology strategies by purchasing pre-packaged software instead of developing IT systems in-houseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . There are different strategic approaches to ERP software implementation. It can be implemented with either a minimum deviation from the standard settings that the ERP vendor provides or with the customization of a system to suit local requirements (tech-faq, 2009). As discussed by Yusuf et al (2004) in the case study about the implementation of ERP in Rolls-Royce in partnership with Electronic Data Services (EDS), ERP implementation is a complicated task. The project implementation problems faced while implementing are * Cultural Problems Some of the functions and processes of the new system did not receive full appreciation from the employee. So, the implementation team had to resolve this by illustrating the improvements made to the company as a whole. Also extensive trainings were provided to the employees of Rolls-Royce. * Business Problems Because of the rigidity in the business structure of SAP R/3 ERP, employees of Rolls-Royce adjusted their working practices in order to fit SAP. * Technical Problems As the system required the retrieval of old data from legacy system which were in de-normalized form, Rolls-Royce had to run legacy system in parallel with the ERP until the expensive process of extracting the old data from legacy system was normalized, screened and stored in a sensible data format in the new database. Implementation of ERP and planning of the resources required to run the enterprise is not the end of the road for ERP. Organization will realize the full potential of ERP when it is used and properly managed (Yusuf et al, 2004). One of the main difficulties experienced by ERP implementations have been the costly development of additional software to summarize and retrieve the information for generating the reports (Themistocleous et al, 2001). A company that plans to invest into ERP needs to have a good strategy and a clear idea about the cost of ERP system. Implementation slowdowns the routine works within an organization. Customization is costly and time consuming (Yen et al, 2002). As outlined by Peng and Nunes (2009), reasons like insufficient user training, loss of in-house IT experts, bankruptcy of system vendor and barriers like inefficient communication between functional divisions can cause ERP post implementation failures Analytical and forecasting functions of ERP: Business managers will have different information needs for planning and decision making (Peng and Nunes, 2009). Decision support system can reduce the time, cost and improve efficiencies. Analytical and forecasting functions are the skills, processes used to support decision making and forecasting. Analytical and forecasting features of ERP can be accessed by managers using an interface such as web-based or graphical interface via the internet or intranet (Marnewick, 2005). If an organization does not take advantage of decision support systems, it cannot take complete advantage of the data and may lose its competitive edge. Most ERP systems today have highly integrated databases and business intelligence (BI) tools to access their data modules directly (Chou, 2005). ERP vendors, data warehousers, and third-party tool vendors have numerous products and solutions for using the ERP data. There are 3 major solutions for ERP data (searchSAP, 2009): 1. Solutions from third-party vendors that analyze data within ERP systems 2. ERP-based solutions that analyze data within ERP systems 3. ERP-based solutions that build data warehouses outside their ERP systems An ERP-based data warehouse is a classical, external data warehouse or data mart built with tools offered by an ERP vendor (Russom, 2007). ERP reports are generated using the existing ERP schema as the foundation for building the standard reports. Integrated business intelligence system pulls the data from ERP systems to a data warehouse and enables to perform data analysis and deliver superior reporting for making timely and accurate decision (Chou et al, 2005). Closer integration of corporate wide data warehousing data with ERP data potentially enhances companies return on their ERP and data warehouse investments (Wiley, 2009). ERP contains a set of analytical tools to facilitate sales planning. Yen et al (2002) says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“many companies deploy data warehouses for facilitating the data analysis in ERP. They will buy packaged analytic applications that include a data warehouse, analytical tools, and predefined data models to accelerate the data analysis in ERPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . But, in spite of deploying ERP and an integrated data warehousing and BI, there is no guarantee that the forecast generated is up to the accuracy. As discussed by Peng and Nunes, one of the reasons for inaccurate forecasting is due to inherent difficulties in predicting the fluid market. This results in significant impact in companies. ERP systems are usually designed to record business transactions data, make changes to existing data, reconcile data, keep track of business transactions, run predefined business reports, and manage business transactions. In contrast, analytical systems are designed to examine large volumes of data and then to generate essential information for decision-making. There are five major software vendors offering ERP solutions to business worldwide. According to reports from Gartner Dataquest, quoted by destinationcrm (destinationcrm, 2006) SAP is the market share leader in ERP, followed by Oracle, Sage, Microsoft Dynamics and SSA Global Technologies. DATA WAREHOUSING AND DATA MINING Data Warehousing Bill Inmon (2002) says that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“data warehouse contains a very useful source of data for the explorer and data miner. The data found in the data warehouse is cleansed, integrated, organized. And the data is historicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . To help managers and decision makers retrieve information they need from tremendous amount of data reside in database, many enterprises have built system environments focusing on data warehousing technology, deployed that as an integral part of a decision support systems (DSS). Data warehouse is responsible for providing information needed for supporting executive decision making. As a result, data warehousing technology has been integrated into ERP systems (Zhang et al, 2006). Yusuf et al (2004) defines Data warehouse as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an integrated collection of data. The data is stored centrally and is extracted from operational, historical and external databasesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Data warehouses are used for decision support. Historical, summarized and consolidated data is more important than detailed, individual records. Data Mining Data mining is the study and extraction of patterns from a large set of data. It can be defined as the process of analyzing data from different viewpoints and summarizing it into useful information for planning and increase revenue. It allows users to analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize it, and summarize the relationships identified (Anderson, 2009). Data mining can also be defined as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“practice of automatically searching large stores of data to discover patterns and trends that go beyond simple analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Oracle, 2009). Data mining uses sophisticated mathematical algorithms to slice the data and evaluate the probability of future events. The key properties of data mining are (thearling, 2009): 1. Automatic discovery of patterns 2. Prediction of likely outcomes 3. Creation of actionable information Data Mining is widely used in applications such as product analysis, demand and supply analysis, understanding consumer research marketing, investment trend in stocks real estates, telecommunications, e-commerce and so on (Chou et al, 2005). However, a database which is new and which has only a current piece of information is not suitable for data mining as it can never detect trends and long term patterns of behaviour. Historical data is very essential for data mining as historical data contains valuable chunk of information hidden in it. Mature data is crucial for understanding the seasonality of business and the larger cycles of business to which every corporation is subject (Inmon, 1996). Data mining uses data from data source in order to provide users with meaningful indicators. Data from ERP systems is used as data source. Modern ERP systems provide advanced BI tools out of the box, avoiding the hassle of connecting a stand-alone BI system, and lowering the cost which is a critical capability to consider ERP for midsize companies, with limited staff and resources to maintain multiple systems (Newcomer, 2009). After implementing the ERP system in organizations, they tend to concentrate more on the return on investment (ROI). Chou et al (2005) says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In order to justify their return-on-investment (ROI), more and more organizations are turning to BI tools that make data collected by ERP, customer relationship management (CRM), and other data-intensive applications meaningfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Since a BI system includes technologies for reporting, analysis, and sharing information, many ERP vendors have integrated these solutions with ERP systems to truly maximize the ROI of ERP. The integration of BI and ERP systems can strengthen corporate decision-making capability through utilizing the analytical capability of BI system and data managerial capability of ERP system (Chou et al, 2005). Business Intelligence (BI) can help in competition analysis, market research, economical trends, consume behaviour, industry research, and geographical information analysis and so on. Business Intelligence using data mining helps in decision-making (Naxton, 2006). ERP VENDOR CLAIMS Modern ERP systems may provide advanced BI tools, avoiding the hassle of connecting a stand-alone BI system, and lowering the cost. Integrated business intelligence contains a broad category of analytical applications that help companies in making decision based on the data in their ERP systems (Moller, 2005). Oracle and SAP are currently the only major ERP vendors with such offerings. Analytical applications can be broadly classified as follows: Financial Analytics Financial analysis refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project (Wikipedia, 2009). It is concerned with optimising the profitability of the business. When used effectively it can provide a competitive differentiator. Financial analytics helps the business focus on the most important customers and the most profitable products and services (Brook, 2009). It helps them to (Schroeck, 2001): * Understand the overall performance of the organization * Identify ways to measure and maximize the value of intangible assets (eg. Services) * Effectively manage enterprise-wide investments and reduce operating costs * Forecast variations in the marketplace, * Optimize the capabilities of information systems, and * Business processes improvement. Integrated analytics allow organizations with an ERP infrastructure to facilitate reporting and tools required for decision-makers. Oracle E-Business Suit (EBS) is one suite of applications that contains ERP and integrated BI. Oracle says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Oracle Financial Analytics helps front-line managers improve financial performance with complete, up-to-the-minute information on their departments expenses and revenue contributionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . SAP Business Suite is a range of software modules with an integrated Business Intelligence. SAP states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SAP ERP provides powerful analytic software that enables powerful financial analysis to help you analyze your business, develop business plans and budgets, and track performance during execution.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (SAP AG, 2009). Few of the features and functions that support financial analytics as stated by SAP are * Financial and management reporting Providing a set of tools to meet the financial and management reporting needs. * Planning, budgeting, and forecasting Support traditional budgeting, rolling forecasts, and collaborative planning, such as cost center planning. * Working capital and cash flow management Optimize cash flow, including cash flow calculations and middle- and long-term planning. Sales Analytics Sales analytics is a procedure involving the gathering, classifying, comparing, and studying of company sales data. It may simply involve the comparison of total company sales in two different time periods. Or it may entail subjecting thousands of component sales (or sales-related) s to a variety of comparisons, like comparison with s for earlier periods of time (Wikipedia, 2009). SAP says that the SAP sales analytic help the organization to obtain the data necessary to proactively address trends and measure success and revenue shortfalls. Oracle states that analytics solutions provided by its E-business suite dramatically improve the effectiveness of sales people by providing real-time, actionable insight into every sales opportunity at the point of customer contact. With more accurate sales forecasts and enhanced identification of potential problems and opportunities, Oracle Sales Analytics helps close business faster and increase overall sales revenue. It lists the following benefits: * Resource allocation Identifying critical opportunities so that executives can assign the appropriate resources to increase the chance of winning * Sales forecasts Analyzing pipeline opportunities to determine actions required to meet sales targets. Provide the information about sales documents, such as opportunities, sales orders and sales contracts. Thus, help in future revenue forecasting. Integrated sales planning and analysis enables sales managers to understand the financial status and overall effectiveness of the sales organization quickly and easily. These scenarios help users obtain the data necessary to proactively address trends, measure customer retention and revenue shortfalls, and assess future opportunities (SAP, 2009). Operational Analytics Operational analytics is a process that facilitates delivery of the in-depth and focused analysis of the performance of each key operational area of the business. Operational Analytics try to provide comprehensive and focused analysis of every aspect of the operational area of a company (Information Management, 2007). Oracle says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Oracles Business Intelligence Suite delivers real-time operational analytics that enable you to make better business decisions fasterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Operational analytics is also a part of SAP business suite. SAP says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SAP ERP provides features and functions for operational analysis to help you optimize the entire supply chain, improve revenues, and increase customer satisfactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Few of the features and functions that support financial analytics as stated by SAP are: * Manufacturing reporting Provides various standard reports and analyses detailing production-related information. * Customer service analysis Used for monitoring financial trends, costs, and revenues per customer, as well as service contracts and operations. * Sales planning Used for opportunity planning and analysis and partner planning. * Sales analysis Provides an accurate overview of current sales performance and an overview of sales force effectiveness. Workforce Analytics Workforce Analytics is a powerful decision-making platform using business intelligence tools that offer to the management at every level the right and timely information at point of decision making process for a better visibility and accountability in regards to workforce-related issues (Information Management, 2007). Workforce Analytics is used by HR professionals, and line managers. It provides an analysis option that gives real-time insight into your workforce. They can identify trends at an early stage and make well-informed decisions, enabling you to manage your human capital more effectively, predict human-capital investment demands, and track workforce costs and the ROI associated with HR projects (Wikipedia, 2009). The focus is to analyse current and historical employee data to identify key relationships among variables and use this to provide insight into the workforce they need for the future. Oracle says that Oracle workforce analytics in the e-business suite à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“provides the strategy management and performance tracking needed to measure the effectiveness of HR initiatives. It helps to evaluate and communicate company performance, staffing, turnover, HR readiness, compensation, and competencies.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Managers need information that will help guide your strategic decisions. Implementing an Enterprise Resource System (ERP) that integrates all the information and processes into one coherent environment is a first and major step towards improved decision-making. But capturing and processing data is not sufficient to give the insight into the business that decision makers need today. Only when coupled with a business intelligence system can your ERP software enable users analyse and act on that data quickly and effectively. IT industrial leader, Microsoft quotes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Forecaster for Microsoft Dynamics ERP helps you manage financial performance through accurate budgeting and planningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Microsoft, 2009). A CRITIQUE OF VENDOR CLAIMS Data Warehousing In todays ever-competitive business climate, the ability to understand business conditions and gain timely insight into business performance is essential for survival. Business users have long faced the challenge of being unable to easily analyze business data in their enterprise resource planning (ERP) environment. Oftentimes, the reporting tools available are too complex for business users to utilize effectively, and IT experts do not have the business background to sufficiently understand business users analytical needs. The delay in IT departments turnaround time can quickly render information irrelevant and outdated by the time it is available to business users. ERPs serve as transaction engines in many organizations. It provides mission-critical operational workflow but do not support decision support systems (DSS) directly (Inmon, 2000). Therefore, the need to source a data warehouse from the ERP system and other legacy systems is obvious. Many organisations are now discovering that the solution to leveraging investment decisions in and retrieving useful data from, an ERP system is to undertake a Data Warehousing initiative in conjunction with the implemented ERP system. But, the harsh reality of ERP systems implementation, to the expense of those organisations that invested resources in the initiative, is that ERP only gets data into the system, it does not prepare data for use and analysis (Inmon, 2000). ERP systems lack certain functionality and reporting capabilities. It has been realised that ERP systems are good for storing, accessing and executing data used in daily transactions, but it is not good at providing the information needed for long term planning and decision making (Radding, 2000) as ERP systems are not designed to know how the data is to be used once it is gathered (Inmon, 2000). Consequently, in the post-implementation phase organisations are often dismayed to find that they havent improved their an alytical and decision support capabilities (Inmon, 2000; Radding, 2000) as ERP systems do not provide an environment for decision support activities such as analysing historical trends, drawing conclusions, scenario building and planning. Business Intelligence using Data Warehouse built on ERP System Analytical and forecasting features are provided by the business intelligence tools that are linked to the data warehouse. Some of the common functions of Business Intelligence technologies are reporting, analytics, data mining and benchmarking (Wikipedia, 2009). Integration of ERP and BI can provide a consolidated analysis of the data and user-friendly reporting capabilities and help users make and correct decisions and gain advantages over their competitors. Financial analytics, sales analytics, operational analytics and workforce analytical, may provide the facility to analyze relationships and understand trends that ultimately support business decision. However, few of the challenges faced by data warehousing in ERP systems are in its capability of providing a valuable and accurate reporting service, data analysis and forecasting. Chou et al says (2005) says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Organizations recognize the wealth of information within ERP systems, the challenge lies in the ways of min ing themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The lack of historical transaction data in the database containing the data from ERP is the most significant obstacle in successfully implementing a BI on ERP system. One of the key elements in accurate forecasting like trend reporting is the need for historical data. Most of the ERP vendors claim that the reports and forecasts generated by ERP or a BI that is integrated with ERP environment are of high accuracy. Zhang et al (2006) says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“although ERP system is powerful, a serious challenge is how to make use of previous experiences and knowledge to support managerial decision makingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Still the research has to be carried out to know the accuracy of the reports as ERP system does not contain the historical data in the enterprises data warehouse. Traditionally, the enterprise data warehouse needs historical data. When a large amount of historical data starts to stack up in the ERP environment, the ERP environment is usually purged, or the data is archived to a remote storage facility. When an enterprise data warehouse needs to go back in time and bring in historical data that has not been previously colle